Adds, Philip
St George’s, University of London, London, UK

The Journal of Plastination was first published as the “Journal of the International Society for Plastination” in January, 1987. The founding editor was Dr Harmon Bickley. Volume 1(1) contained five papers; apart from the front cover the first issue contained no images. One notable author featured in the first issue was Gunther von Hagens, in a paper that recognised the potential of plastination in research. Most of the papers in the first issue described technical aspects of tissue preservation and plastination. Issue 2 contained the first contribution from Dr Robert Henry, who became Editor in 1989.  All the contributing authors in Volume 1 were from the early centres of plastination: Utrecht, Vienna, Heidelberg, and the USA, reflecting the limited reach of plastination at that time. Prof Robert Henry has gone on to become the leading author in the history of the journal, with an unmatched 33 publications. Volume 3 (1989) included the first two publications from Prof Carlos Baptista, who has to date published 16 papers in the journal. In 2007 (Volume 22), the plastination ‘cookbook’, a 70-page issue was published. Other notable contributors in the journal’s history include Prof Rafael Latorre (13 publications), Prof Mircea-Constantin Sora (11 publications), and Prof Andreas Weiglein (7 publications). In 1993, Prof Weiglein published the first paper in the journal to discuss the role of plastination in relation to the history of anatomy. It is worth quoting Prof Weiglein on the challenges of specimen preservation: “In 1977, when Gunther von Hagens invented plastination, it was a special year for all anatomists, as well as for all students of medicine [….] Almost all of the problems were solved at once.”

CONNECTIVITY OF SPACES IN THE HEAD: AN E12 DEMONSTRATION
Brewer, Rebecca, Vladimir Chereminskiy
von Hagens Plastination, Guben, Germany

Understanding the spaces inside the head and their anatomical connections is one of the most important yet difficult clinical concepts in anatomical education. The complex arrangement of cavities, fossae, canals, fissures, foramina and their contents requires learners to integrate anatomical knowledge with advanced three-dimensional and visuospatial understanding. Understanding these regions depends not only on identifying individual structures, but also on appreciating how multiple spaces communicate across different anatomical planes. No single traditional teaching resource can comprehensively demonstrate these relationships and communications in their entirety. To our knowledge, a comprehensive demonstration of the connectivity of spaces in the head using E12 plastinated cross-sectional anatomy has not previously been described. The superior properties of E12 provides a unique method for visualising these anatomical connections in situ. In this study, 129 1.3 mm thick E12 cross-sections in sagittal, transverse and coronal planes were used to sequentially identify the pathways of the spaces in the head. The E12 sections demonstrating the connections were photographed and documented. The use of E12 plastinated sections provided clear identification and demonstration of clinically important pathways between the: cranial cavity, nasal cavity, orbit, pterygopalatine fossa, infratemporal fossa, oral cavity, and paranasal sinuses. E12 plastinated cross-sectional anatomy offers a unique and visually intuitive method for demonstrating the connectivity of anatomical spaces in the head. This approach enhances spatial understanding of complex anatomy and may improve clinical anatomical education for students and clinicians.

STANDARDIZED PREPARATION OF HUMAN CADAVER HEADS WITH ENHANCED VASCULAR DELINEATION FOR NEUROANATOMICAL TEACHING AND SURGICAL TRAINING
Dhingra, Renu¹, Jessy Jayaraman Pushpaja¹, Vishal Garg² , Amol Raheja², Ashish Suri²

¹Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; ²Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

Cadaveric head dissection remains fundamental for understanding complex neuroanatomical relationships and for developing microsurgical skills prior to their application in clinical practice. Effective training requires high-fidelity specimens that allow repeated hands-on practice of diverse surgical approaches in a realistic anatomical environment. Enhanced visualization of cerebral vasculature further improves spatial orientation and procedural understanding. In our laboratory, we established a standardized protocol integrating perfusion fixation with silicone-based vascular casting to consistently produce anatomically accurate and durable cadaveric head specimens. Seven cadaveric heads were initially included following screening of donor history to exclude individuals with atherosclerosis or prior cerebrovascular events. The carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, and internal jugular veins on both sides were exposed through standard cervical approaches, followed by meticulous cannulation and phosphate-buffered saline flushing to remove intravascular clots. Perfusion fixation was initiated using 10% formalin, with 100–200 ml infused into each carotid artery and internal jugular vein and 50 ml into each vertebral artery. Specimens were subsequently immersed in 10% formalin for 2–3 weeks to ensure uniform fixation. Coloured silicone mixtures were prepared using a silicone base (S10), coloured paste (AC50 for arterial and AC52 for venous systems), and catalyst (S1) (45:2.5:2.5 ml), and injected into the respective vascular systems to achieve luminal casting. Although perfusion was successfully achieved in all specimens, dye injection failed in one case and another showed evidence of putrefaction. Consequently, five specimens were included in the final analysis. Basic quantitative parameters were incorporated to assess procedural consistency, including success rate of vascular filling, degree of distal vessel opacification, and bilateral symmetry of perfusion. All five analysed specimens demonstrated successful and well-defined arterial and venous grade 3 opacification, with consistent visualization of distal cortical and dural branches along with major intracranial vessels. The technique yielded preserved structural integrity and near-natural tissue consistency, enabling precise and prolonged dissection. The enhanced vascular delineation facilitated consistent visualization of surgically relevant anatomical corridors, supporting reproducible and objective assessment in a training setting. This study demonstrates the feasibility and reproducibility of a standardized, cost-effective protocol for preparing high-fidelity cadaveric head specimens with enhanced vascular delineation. The technique aligns with plastination principles and may serve as a preparatory step for subsequent plastination workflows. These specimens provide a robust platform for advanced anatomical teaching and support safe, hands-on neurosurgical training in a realistic environment and objective evaluation of surgical approaches

DEVELOPMENT OF A CATALOGUE OF PLASTINATED ANATOMICAL SPECIMENS INTEGRATED INTO THE VETERINARY SIMULATION AND SELF-LEARNING SPACE (SIMVET).
Gassó, Diana¹, Vilalta E², Carrera A³, Ramírez GA⁴, Molin J¹, Verdú N⁴, Hidalgo M³, Vilela A³, Quiceno J³, García C³, Reina F ³

¹Departament de Ciència Animal, Campus Agroalimentari, Forestal i Veterinari, Universitat de Lleida i Agrotecnio, Lleida, Spain; ²Biblioteca del CAFIV. Unitat de Biblioteca i Documentació, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain; ³Medical Sciences Department, Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience Research Group (NEOMA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Spain; ⁴Departament de Ciència Animal, Campus Agroalimentari, Forestal i Veterinari, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain; ⁴Departament de Psicologia, Sociologia i Treball Social, Lleida, Spain

The Veterinary Simulation and Self-Learning Space (SIMVET) is a workspace within the CAFIV (Campus Agroalimentari, Forestal i Veterinari) Library that provides a range of resources for learning anatomy, histology, and parasitology. One of the resources available is a catalogue of plastinated anatomical specimens which, through a booking system, students can borrow to work autonomously. This resource is the result of collaboration between the ETSEAFIV School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Lleida and the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Girona. The ETSEAFIV School of Veterinary Medicine developed a catalogue of anatomical specimens from different species. These specimens were plastinated in the plastination laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Girona. Subsequently, each specimen was catalogued, a learning guide was developed for each one, and online self-learning exercises in anatomy were designed with the support of SAAD (Teaching Support and Advisory Service), the unit responsible for developing the digital learning resources. The plastinated specimens are part of the on-site and virtual resources offered by VETSIM. Faculty members and students can consult the specimens either online or in person in the study room or in authorized spaces. The catalogue of plastinated specimens includes approximately 25 items available to students. The catalogue allows direct handling of the specimens, study of the learning guides prepared by faculty, and completion of online self-learning exercises. During this academic year, nearly 300 reservations of this material have been made for self-directed learning of veterinary anatomy. In many cases, these reservations were made in groups. Institutional collaboration has made it possible to optimize resources and establish access to plastination techniques for a school that does not have its own plastination laboratory. The integration of plastinated anatomical specimens into virtual and on-site resources successfully supported self-directed learning in anatomy.

FROM PLASTINATION TO AUGMENTED REALITY: ANATOMY-IN AS A DIGITAL PLATFORM FOR VETERINARY ANATOMY EDUCATION
Latorre, Rafael^1,2, Belando I², Orenes M², Martínez Huertas M², Pardo A², López Albors, O^1,2

¹Dept. of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; ²Discover-IN SL, Complejo Pleiades-Vitalis, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain

Plastinated specimens are valuable resources for veterinary anatomy teaching because they preserve real anatomical structures in a durable, safe and highly didactic format. However, their use is usually restricted to the physical teaching laboratory. The digital reconstruction of plastinated specimens may expand access to anatomical collections and provide interactive tools for self-directed and blended learning. Veterinary anatomical specimens were prepared using the S10 silicone plastination technique with Biodur® reagents. Selected plastinated specimens were then digitized using photogrammetry and, in some cases, laser scanning. For photogrammetry, each specimen was placed on a turntable and systematically photographed to ensure complete visual coverage of its anatomical features. The images were processed in Adobe Lightroom® to adjust lighting and enhance the realistic appearance of the specimens. Three-dimensional reconstruction and alignment were performed using RealityCapture®. In selected models, laser scanning was used to obtain the polygonal mesh. The final models were optimized for online visualization and integrated into the Anatomy-IN (www.anatomy-in.com) educational platform (Discover-IN SL). A collection of 50 interpreted 3D models of veterinary plastinated specimens was generated and prepared for educational use. Anatomical landmarks were tagged as points of interest, each paired with a detailed explanation and a clinical tip. The models allow interactive rotation, zooming and inspection from multiple perspectives, including augmented reality, facilitating the study of anatomical relationships and supporting student review before and after practical sessions. Their integration into an online platform increases access to curated anatomical material beyond the dissection room. The combination of silicone plastination and photogrammetry-based 3D reconstruction provides a useful strategy for enhancing veterinary anatomy teaching. Interactive digital models do not replace the educational value of real plastinated specimens, but they extend their accessibility, preserve anatomical collections digitally and offer complementary resources for modern anatomy education.

PERCENTAGE OF SHRINKAGE IN THE E12 PLASTINATION TECHNIQUE: IMPLICATIONS FOR MORPHOLOGICAL AND MORPHOMETRIC STUDIES
Lizano, Javier^1,2, San Millán M³, Carrera A³, Casals-Agustí A³, Tubbs RS^4,5, Iwanaga J^4,5, Reina F³

¹ Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; ² Move Traumatología, Barcelona, Spain; ³Medical Sciences Department, Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience Research Group (NEOMA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain; ⁴Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; ⁵Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA

E12 epoxy resin plastination (Biodur®) provides high-resolution anatomical sections suitable for submacroscopic analysis and precise correlation with CT and MRI imaging. However, tissue shrinkage during plastination remains a critical source of bias in morphometric studies, varying according to tissue composition. In the context of a clinical–radiological investigation of the acetabular labrum, this study aimed to quantify shrinkage occurring during the preparation of semi-thin plastinated sections using the E12 technique. Ten fresh-frozen hip joints (−80 °C) were processed. Orthogonal sections (1200 μm thick) were obtained along the bisector of each acetabular quadrant, yielding eight sections per specimen. The plastination protocol included dehydration in acetone at −21 °C followed by degreasing in dichloromethane. Forced impregnation was performed using E12 resin with E1 accelerator (Biodur®) in a vacuum chamber at room temperature. Sections were mounted using the sandwich technique and cured at 45 °C. Pre- and post-plastination images were analyzed using Fiji software to calculate sectional areas. Two observers performed duplicate measurements. Reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (ICC < 0.5 poor; 0.5–0.75 moderate; > 0.9 good). Mean shrinkage was 7.99% (≈8%). Intra-observer agreement was consistently high (>0.95), while inter-observer reliability ranged from moderate to good (0.585–0.760). Acetabular labral tissue exhibited an approximate shrinkage of 8% following E12 plastination. These findings align with previous reports describing shrinkage values between 8% and 13%, and are comparable to the 6.5% shrinkage reported in pelvic tissues. Notably, Sora et al. (2002) also demonstrated measurable shrinkage during E12 plastination of the hip joint, reinforcing the reproducibility of this phenomenon. Collectively, these results highlight the necessity of accounting for shrinkage when performing morphometric analyses and interpreting anatomical–radiological correlations.

DEVELOPMENT OF A CANINE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY TRAINING PROTOTYPE USING PLASTINATED HEART SLICES, 3D PRINTING AND DIGITAL ANIMATION
López Albors, Octavio¹, Ibarra Berrocal MD², Laguna García I¹, Latorre Reviriego R¹

¹Department of Comparative Anatomy and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Murcia, Spain; ²Clinica Veterinaria Los Sauces-IVC Evidensia, Cartagena, Spain

Training in echocardiography has a long learning curve because it requires the simultaneous understanding of cardiac anatomy, dynamic cardiac function, ultrasound image interpretation and transducer handling. In veterinary medicine, training resources dedicated for canine echocardiography remain limited. This work describes the development of a novel hybrid physical-digital training prototype based on plastinated canine heart specimens to support learning in canine echocardiography. The prototype was developed from one plastinated canine heart and 14 plastinated heart sections corresponding to standard echocardiographic planes. Each specimen was scanned using structured-light technology, and colour PolyJet 3D-printed replicas were obtained. Images of the printed sections were used to create animations mimicking the cardiac beat and a detailed anatomical atlas. A 3D-printed echocardiographic probe incorporating a laser beam was also developed to simulate probe orientation and the acquisition of echocardiographic planes. Ultrasound cine loops were obtained from a healthy dog using an Esaote® MyLab X7 equipment with P1-5 and P2-9 transducers. The digital resources, including the video loops, animated images, demos of probe positioning and anatomical atlas were organised on a website accessible by QR code. The preliminary prototype showed a functional integration of the physical hands-on and digital components. The 3D-printed slices preserve relevant anatomical details, including cardiac valves, chordae tendineae, chambers and major vessels. The laser-guided probe demos help users to recognise the relationship between probe positioning, acquisition plane and the resulting cardiac section. The paired anatomical and ultrasound images support anatomical understanding, while the animated images help users appreciate dynamic morphological changes during the cardiac cycle. This hybrid physical-digital simulator may provide a useful training tool for veterinary students and practitioners by supporting progressive, self-directed learning of canine echocardiography. Further validation with students and echocardiography specialists is required to assess its educational value, usability and impact on learning outcomes.

ORGANKITS: STANDARDISED COLLECTIONS OF PLASTINATED ORGAN FOR STEAM EDUCATION IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
López Albors, Octavio^1,2, Belando I², Orenes M², Martínez Huertas M², Latorre R^1,2

¹Dept. of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; ² Discover-IN SL, Complejo Pleiades-Vitalis, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain

Plastination provides dry, durable, odourless and non-toxic anatomical specimens that can be safely handled and repeatedly used for educational purposes. Although plastinated material is well established in university-level anatomy teaching, its structured use in secondary education remains limited. The Erasmus+ project “OrganKits: a new material for STEAM education based on plastination” was developed to address this gap by creating a set of classroom-ready anatomical kits designed to support interdisciplinary STEAM education -Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics - and project-based learning in secondary schools. This work describes the technical production workflow developed for the OrganKits project, with particular emphasis on technical adaptations, standardisation and quality-assured production. Six thematic kits were produced: CardioHealth & Emotions, NeumoHealth & Environment, NutriHealth & Wellness, MentalHealth & Mindfulness, SportsHealth & Dependence, and ReproHealth & Gender. Each kit combined silicone-plastinated organs of animal origin with complementary methacrylate sheets derived from plastinated sections, obtained using polyester or epoxy techniques, or from histological images. Organ-specific standard operating protocols (SOP) were prepared to standardise organ production, and key technical adaptations were introduced to preserve morphology and enhance functional attributes. Each SOP included a quality-control checklist, and each specimen was individually tagged to ensure full traceability from production to final assembly in transportable aluminium briefcases. A total of 432 specimens were produced, distributed across 18 different specimen categories, with 24 specimens per category. The resulting OrganKits, together with complementary Teacher and Educational Guides, were distributed to partner schools for direct implementation and assessment of the learning experience. Although educational outcomes are not reported in this work, the implementation phase supports the OrganKits model as an innovative and significant contribution to secondary-school education from a STEAM perspective.

HOW DO TIME AND TEMPERATURE AFFECT THE VISCOSITY OF REACTIVE SILICONE IMPREGNATION MIXTURE FOR PLASTINATION AT COLD TEMPERATURES?
Monteiro, Yuri Favalessa ¹, Ana Karolina de Alvarenga Valim¹, Kiara Margarida Romualdo¹, Ana Paula Santana de Vasconcellos Bittencourt², Felipe Soares Fundão³, Kinglston Soares⁴, Bruno Venturini Loureiro³, Athelson Stefanon Bittencourt¹

¹Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil; ²Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil; ³Laboratory of Experimental Methods in Transport Phenomena, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil; ⁴Federal Institute of Science and Technology of Espírito Santo; Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil

During cold-temperature plastination, the reactive mixture (RM) - composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTL) - permeates biological tissues. However, progressive polymerization increases RM viscosity over time, a reaction inhibited by low-temperature storage. Despite its importance, literature lacks comparative studies on the rheological behavior of silicone mixtures over time and temperature. This study evaluated viscosity variations in RMs prepared with Biodur® S10 (400–600 mPa.s) and Polisil® P1 (70 mPa.s) stored at various temperatures over 18 months to assess their viability. The reactive mixtures were composed of PDMS silicone and a catalyst at a concentration of 1% w/w. Monthly viscosity measurements were conducted on Biodur® and Polisil RMs stored and measured at -25, -15, 5, and 25 °C. Data were acquired using a Haake Mars IV rotational rheometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The results demonstrated a strong correlation between increased storage temperature and accelerated viscosity gain. Based on research correlating polymer viscosity with tissue shrinkage, a viscosity threshold of 3 Pa·s was defined as the general cutoff point for safe plastination, thereby preventing excessive tissue shrinkage and distortion. The S10 RM stored at 25, 5, -15, and -25 °C reached this limit at approximately 1, 2, 6, and 9 months, respectively. In contrast, the P1 RM reached this threshold at 1, 4, and 15 months at the respective temperatures (25, 5 and -15 °C), whereas the mixture stored at -25 °C remained below the limit throughout the entire study. RMs stored at -25 °C exhibited the lowest viscosity increments, particularly those utilizing the lower initial viscosity silicone (P1). The use of low-viscosity silicone significantly increases the lifespan of the RM. Regardless of the initial viscosity of the silicone used, these findings allow for predicting the evolution of RM viscosity. It is highly recommended to store reactive mixtures (RMs) at the lowest possible temperature between impregnation cycles, even when the impregnation process itself is conducted at higher temperatures. This practice allows for the strategic planning and optimization of mixture utilization, thereby preventing material waste.

PLASTINATION, DE-PLASTINATION, AND HISTOLOGICAL PROCESSING IN SAMPLES TREATED WITH THE CHILEAN CONSERVATIVE FIXATIVE SOLUTION
Ottone, Nicolas E^1,2,3,4, Álvarez-Ricartes N⁴, Torres-Villar C^4,5, Gómez-Barril R⁶, Ponce N³, Rodríguez-Torrez VH^4,7, Eva Maranillo⁸, Telma Masuko⁹, Veuthey C^1,10

¹Laboratory of Plastination and Anatomical Techniques, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; ²Department of Integral Adult Dentistry, Research Centre for Dental Sciences (CICO-UFRO), Dental School, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; ³Laboratory of Tissue Cytometry, Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies (CEMyQ), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; ⁴Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; ⁵Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile; ⁶Master in Dentistry, Dental School, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; ⁷Asociación Boliviana de Anatomía (Filial La Paz), Bolivia; ⁸Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; ⁹Department of Biomorphology, Institute of Health Sciences, Bahia Federal University (ICS-­ UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; ¹⁰Postgraduate and Research Direction, Dental School, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile

Plastination allows long-term preservation of biological tissues through replacement of tissue fluids by polymers while maintaining morphological characteristics. However, limited evidence exists regarding the recovery of plastinated tissues for subsequent histological analysis. This study evaluated the feasibility of histological processing after plastination and de-plastination of tissues treated with the Chilean Conservative Fixative Solution. Control Wistar rat tissues, including liver, lungs, heart, and hind limbs, were fixed in the Chilean Conservative Fixative Solution (sodium chloride 375 g, sodium nitrate 300 g, glycerine 1.0 L, ethyl alcohol 1.5 L, benzalkonium chloride 0.5 L, distilled water 3.0 L, formalin 0.125 L) for 33, 47, or 60 days. Samples were dehydrated in 100% acetone at −25 °C and plastinated according to the room-temperature silicone plastination technique described by Ottone et al. (2015). De-plastination was performed using 5% sodium methoxide for either 8 or 48 hours depending on tissue type. Samples were subsequently processed using conventional histological techniques with paraffin embedding and haematoxylin-eosin staining. Histological sections were digitally analyzed using the TissueFAXS iPLUS Cytometer system. The best histological preservation in skeletal muscle was obtained after 8 hours of de-plastination, showing preserved muscle striations, basophilic nuclei, and eosinophilic cytoplasm. Liver tissue demonstrated better preservation after 48 hours, allowing visualization of portal triads and partial lobular organization. Heart samples maintained gross morphology but showed limited microscopic preservation with poor nuclear definition. De-plastination followed by conventional histological processing was feasible in tissues treated with the Chilean Conservative Fixative Solution. Preservation quality depended on tissue type and de-plastination time. Skeletal muscle showed the best overall preservation, whereas cardiac tissue appeared more susceptible to structural deterioration. These findings support the potential use of combined plastination and de-plastination protocols for subsequent histological assessment while reducing formaldehyde exposure.

References

Ottone NE, Cirigliano V, Bianchi HF, Medan CD, Algieri RD, Borges Brum G, Fuentes R. New contributions to the development of a plastination technique at room temperature with silicone. Anat Sci Int. 2015;90(2):126-35

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF DNA PRESERVATION IN HUMAN PLASTINATED TISSUES
 Ottone Nicolas E^1,2,3,4, Álvarez-Ricartes N⁴, Torres-Villar C^4,5, Gómez-Barril R⁶, Veuthey C^1,7

¹Laboratory of Plastination and Anatomical Techniques, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; ²Department of Integral Adult Dentistry, Research Centre for Dental Sciences (CICO-UFRO), Dental School, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; ³Laboratory of Tissue Cytometry, Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies (CEMyQ), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; ⁴Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; ⁵Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile; ⁶Master in Dentistry, Dental School, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; ⁷Postgraduate and Research Direction, Dental School, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile

Plastination enables long-term preservation of anatomical specimens in a dry, odorless, and biosafe format suitable for teaching and research. Evaluating deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) preservation in plastinated tissues is important for future molecular applications. H. Frierson et al. (1988) demonstrated the feasibility of nucleic acid studies in plastinated tissues, while later animal studies confirmed the possibility of obtaining intact DNA suitable for molecular analyses, including real-time PCR. The aim of this study was to extract and evaluate DNA from human plastinated tissues. Human brain tissue plastinated in 2025 and human upper limb biceps muscle tissue plastinated in 2022 were analyzed. Samples had been plastinated using the classical cold-temperature S10 Biodur silicone technique. Tissue fragments were de-plastinated with 5% sodium methoxide for 48 hours and stored at −80 °C until extraction. DNA extraction included tissue homogenization, sodium iodide lysis, chloroform/isoamyl alcohol separation, isopropanol precipitation, and resuspension in TE buffer. DNA concentration and purity were evaluated by fluorometry (Qubit 4, Invitrogen). Preliminary results confirmed successful DNA extraction from human brain and skeletal muscle plastinated tissues. Current analyses focus on evaluating DNA integrity and optimizing extraction conditions for molecular applications. These findings are consistent with previous studies in animal plastinated tissues reporting intact and amplifiable DNA after sodium methoxide de-plastination. In conclusion, DNA extraction from human plastinated tissues was feasible using sodium methoxide de-plastination followed by micromethod extraction. Previous studies in animal plastinated tissues demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining intact and amplifiable DNA. Ongoing optimization may expand the use of plastinated specimens in anatomical, educational, forensic, and clinical research.

PRELIMINARY DEVELOPMENT OF E12 EPOXY PLASTINATED HUMAN THIGH SECTIONS FOR THE VISUALIZATION OF MUSCULAR FASCIAE AND FASCIAL COMPARTMENTS
Ottone NE^1,2,3,4, Schill V⁵, Baptista C A C⁶, Torres-Villar C^4,7, Gómez-Barril R⁸, Vásquez B^3,4, del Sol M^3,4

¹Laboratory of Plastination and Anatomical Techniques, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; ²Department of Integral Adult Dentistry, Research Centre for Dental Sciences (CICO-UFRO), Dental School, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; ³Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies (CEMyQ), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; ⁴Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; ⁵BIODUR® Products GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany; ⁶Department of Medical Education, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA; ⁷Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile; ⁸Master in Dentistry, Dental School, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile

E12 epoxy sheet plastination produces dry, transparent, odorless, and durable anatomical sections through vacuum impregnation of tissues with epoxy resin. This technique preserves anatomical structures in situ with minimal distortion, making it particularly useful for the study of fascial continuity and compartmental organization. Considering the increasing interest in fascial anatomy and its relevance in surgery, imaging, rehabilitation, and anatomical education, this preliminary study aimed to generate human thigh plastinated sections focused on the visualization of muscular fasciae and fascial planes using the classical E12 sheet plastination protocol. Human thigh specimens previously fixed in 10% formalin for anatomical study were embedded in a polyurethane foam block to facilitate sectioning. After formation of the block, the specimens were placed at low temperatures and sectioned into 3–5 mm transverse slices using a band saw. The sections underwent dehydration by freeze substitution in acetone at −25°C until acetone purity exceeded 99.5% (26 days), followed by degreasing in acetone at room temperature (21 days). Forced impregnation was performed under vacuum using a Biodur® E12 epoxy resin mixture (E12:E1:AE20), with progressive reduction of chamber pressure over 8 hours. Sections were cured between glass plates for 72 hours at room temperature and 48 hours at 50°C. The plastinated sections demonstrated high transparency and preservation of muscular architecture, intermuscular septa, deep fasciae, and fascial compartments. Fascial planes of the anterior, medial, and posterior thigh compartments were clearly distinguishable, maintaining anatomical continuity and spatial relationships. The specimens were resistant, dry, and suitable for repeated educational and research use. Preliminary results suggest that E12 epoxy sheet plastination is effective for preserving and visualizing muscular fasciae and fascial compartments of the human thigh. These specimens may provide valuable material for anatomical education, sectional anatomy, imaging correlation, and future studies on fascial morphology and compartmental organization.

AESTHETIC OPTIMIZATION IN MAMMALIAN PLASTINATION: DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF FOUR METHODS FOR FUR PRESERVATION
Pavesi, Renan ¹, Marcos Vinícius Freitas Silva¹, Yuri Favalessa Monteiro¹, Ana Paula Santana de Vasconcellos Bittencourt², Áureo Banhos dos Santos³, Athelson Stefanon Bittencourt¹

¹Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil; ²Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil; ³Department of Biology, Center for Exact, Natural and Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil

Plastination is an innovative biological preservation technique that offers durability, low toxicity, and high morphoanatomical fidelity. However, integumentary appendages, such as fur, are often compromised after forced impregnation, acquiring a "wet" and artificial appearance due to silicone accumulation. This study investigated the cold-temperature plastination process, focusing on alternative drainage methods to preserve the natural appearance of animal fur. Twenty-four Wistar rats were used and equally distributed into four silicone removal protocols, with 6 specimens for each treatment: 1) Control (wiping with absorbent paper only); 2) Adsorption with mineral talc (calcium/magnesium carbonate); 3) Pre-curing heating at 45 °C; and 4) Post-curing mechanical brushing. Each treatment lasted 7 days. The interactions between the polymer, the fur, and the removal agents were analyzed via stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The control group maintained clumped fur, which showed a thick polymeric layer under SEM. In contrast, mineral talc was the most effective method, producing specimens with loose fur and achieving efficient removal of surface residues; however, talc clusters were observed on the hair shafts under microscopy after curing. It was noted that the use of talc requires a short interval between drainage and curing, and it is contraindicated for dissected areas. Heating yielded the poorest results, generating excessively shiny and matted fur. The silicone impregnated in the adjacent tissues likely leaks and continuously soaks the fur. Brushing was highly useful for loosening the hair; however, it increased the procedure time and required the subsequent removal of cured silicone fragments. Furthermore, to avoid applying excessive force during the procedure and subsequent detachment of the fur, a pre-curing method should be used to remove the excess silicone. This study concluded that mineral adsorption provides superior aesthetic results for mammal plastination compared to the other methods. However, to optimize the natural appearance of the coat, it is suggested to combine a pre-cure treatment, such as the use of talcum powder, with a post-cure removal method, such as brushing.

PLASTINATION FACILITY INFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADE TO MEET AUSTRALIAN OHS AND DANGEROUS GOODS REQUIREMENTS
 Phan, Namrata

The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

Since the late 1990's, The University of Melbourne has utilised retro fitted second hand chest freezers for acetone dehydration during the S10/E12 plastination process. These units were housed within a fire rated freezer tank room and provided reliable long term service. However, ongoing operational issues including excessive ice build-up, condensation, mould formation, corrosion and leakage from deteriorating freezers bases start to affect functionality and safety.  Repeated equipment failures, combined with changing regulatory expectations surrounding hazardous chemical storage and handling highlighted the need for a major infrastructure renewal. Following consultation with a Dangerous Goods specialist, it was determined that a complete refurbishment of the freezer tank facility was required to achieve compliance with current Australian Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) and Dangerous Goods standards. This presentation outlines the planning, design, and implementation of a new plastination freezer tank room including the specification and construction of custom-built freezers suitable for the storage and handling of acetone. Important considerations included were chemical containment, ventilation, temperature stability and operational workflow. This presentation will also discuss challenges encountered during the redevelopment process and practical lessons learned during commissioning.

PLASTINATED HEAD AND NECK CROSS-SECTIONS: A RELIABLE TOOL FOR TEACHING CROSS-SECTIONAL ANATOMY AND RADIOLOGICAL CORRELATION
Pushpaja, Jessy Jayaraman, Renu Dhingra

Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

Cross-sectional anatomy is essential for radiological interpretation and surgical planning. Plastinated specimens offer realistic, durable, and long-lasting alternatives to formalin-preserved sections, overcoming issues related to preservation and handling. This study aimed to evaluate the anatomical accuracy and educational utility of plastinated cross-sections of the human head and neck, along with their correlation to radiological imaging. A human cadaveric head was sectioned in axial planes at approximately 1 cm thickness following standard preparation protocols. The S10 technique was used to plastinate these sections. Dehydration carried out in 100% acetone was monitored by an acetonometer. Vacuum impregnation was done with silicone polymer (S10:S3::100:1) followed by gas cure (S6). Morphometric measurements, including length, breadth, and thickness, were recorded for each plastinated section (n = 19). Brain dimensions were compared with the corresponding cranial cavity measurements to assess shrinkage, which was quantified as measurable gaps between the brain parenchyma and the inner cranial walls. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to evaluate dimensional characteristics and percentage shrinkage. Correlation with corresponding radiological imaging was assessed qualitatively. Cross-sectional plastinated specimens demonstrated well-preserved anatomical details with clear delineation of cortical, subcortical, and cranial structures. Section thickness ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 cm, closely approximating the intended 1 cm slices. Quantitative assessment of brain shrinkage, measured as gaps between the brain and cranial walls, showed regional variation, ranging from approximately 1.0 × 1.0 cm to 3.1 × 1.7 cm. Greater shrinkage was observed in posterior fossa regions compared to supratentorial areas. Despite these variations, overall anatomical relationships and key landmarks were consistently maintained, and qualitative comparison with CT and MRI images demonstrated good radiological correlation. Plastinated cross-sections of the head and neck provide an anatomically accurate, durable, and radiologically relevant teaching specimens. Although measurable brain tissue shrinkage is observed, it remains within acceptable limits and does not compromise the identification of key anatomical landmarks. This study highlights the utility of plastinated sections in facilitating integrated learning of cross-sectional anatomy and radiological imaging, supporting their value as effective tools in anatomical education.

ASSESSMENT OF GREENFIX PLUS® AS AN ALTERNATIVE FIXATIVE FOR SILICONE PLASTINATION: A PILOT COMPARATIVE STUDY ON PORCINE KIDNEYS
Quesada, Carmona P, Latorre Reviriego R, Lopez Albors O¹

Dept. Anatomy & Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Murcia, Spain

Plastination produces dry, durable and odour-reduced anatomical specimens suitable for teaching. However, the conventional use of formalin during fixation remains a health concern, increasing interest in lower-toxicity alternatives. This pilot study assessed GreenFix Plus®, a glyoxal-based alcoholic mixture, as a substitute fixative for silicone plastination. Eight porcine kidneys were allocated to two fixation groups: four fixed in formalin and four in GreenFix Plus®. Each group included two whole and two sagittally sectioned kidneys, individually coded. Specimens were fixed by immersion for three weeks and processed together using the cold-temperature S10 silicone plastination protocol. Thirty-one veterinary students used a virtual dice to evaluate two randomly selected specimens each. This generated 62 specimen-level evaluations, balanced between fixation groups (31 ratings each). A 5-point Likert scale was used to assess anatomical realism, internal morphology (only in sectioned kidneys), colour, odour, flexibility, greasiness and shrinkage. The six-item global quality scale, excluding internal morphology because of its conditional applicability, showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.921). All kidneys completed plastination and remained suitable for macroscopic assessment. After Holm-adjusted correction, no statistically robust differences were found between fixation groups for external anatomical realism, colour, odour, flexibility, greasiness or shrinkage. Internal morphology was the only parameter that remained significantly higher in formalin-fixed specimens (4,19 ± 0,66 vs 2.78 ± 0,94; Mann–Whitney p<0,0001; Holm-adjusted p = 0.048). These findings suggest that GreenFix Plus® may be acceptable for fixing whole solid organs intended for silicone plastination, but its performance was inferior to formalin when preservation of internal parenchymal detail was required. Further studies using larger numbers and different specimen types are needed.

TRANSFORMING ANATOMY EDUCATION: INTEGRATION OF 3D-SCANNED PLASTINATED SPECIMENS AND IMAGING IN AN INTEGRATED MEDICAL CURRICULUM
Raoof, Ameed, Rosaysela Santos, Dolgor Baatar, Frank Thai, William Woo

Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, California, USA

Since its establishment in 2020, the Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine (KPSOM) has implemented an innovative, technology-enhanced approach to anatomy education within an integrated medical curriculum. This model combines plastinated specimens with complementary imaging modalities to support student learning without the use of traditional dissection. A comprehensive digital repository was developed through the creation of high-resolution, labeled three-dimensional (3D) scans of plastinated specimens. To date, fifty-three plastinated specimens representing multiple anatomical regions have been digitized using structured-light 3D scanning and integrated into a platform accessible to both students and faculty. Students engage with physical specimens in the Anatomy Resource Center (ARC) throughout the week while also utilizing the digital 3D models for independent study outside scheduled sessions. Anatomy laboratory sessions are structured around case-based learning and emphasize clinical problem-solving through the integration of advanced educational technologies. These include mixed reality applications, high-fidelity ultrasound simulation, and multi-user touch-interface anatomy workstations that enable visualization of anatomical structures in 3D and cross-sectional formats. The digitized specimens are further incorporated into summative assessments, including anatomy practical examinations. Assessment items are designed in a USMLE-style format and linked to interactive 3D models, allowing students to identify structures directly on digital representations, thereby enhancing spatial understanding and clinical relevance. In parallel, KPSOM is developing an open-access ARC platform to expand availability of curated anatomical datasets and imaging resources. Collectively, this integrated approach promotes active learning, strengthens spatial cognition, and bridges foundational anatomy with clinical application.

DAMAGE AND WEAR PATTERNS ASSOCIATED WITH PROLONGED USE OF PLASTINATED SPECIMENS IN A TEACHING LABORATORY
Reed, Robert Jr¹, Robert Henry¹, Joshua Rowe²

¹University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA; ² Texas Tech University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Amarillo, Texas, USA

Silicone plastination was developed as a means to preserve biological specimens in a safe and permanent state. These plastinated specimens are not subject to biologic degradation over time. These preserved specimens are widely used in teaching at veterinary colleges. Plastinated specimens may be placed on display or set out for student use. Specimens that are made available for student use will be subject to handling damage over time. This damage can appear as wear patterns, soiling patterns and accidental or negligent destruction. Thin, linear structures such as nerves and vessels are extremely vulnerable to damage by student use. Heavy specimens are often damaged under their own weight during student manipulation. Openings cut into hollow organs create edges which are prone to tearing. Pathologic conditions present on specimens tend to be targets of destruction due to student curiosity about the presence of said pathology. Student damage to teaching collections should be considered especially with recent increases in class size at North American veterinary colleges. This study aimed to describe damage patterns visible on plastinated specimens used at the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine over the past 40 years.

MICROANATOMICAL STUDY OF PERISCIATIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN THE GLUTEAL REGION. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEEP GLUTEAL SYNDROME
Reina, Francisco¹, Servitja R², Iwanaga J^3,4, Castro Vaz L¹, Tubbs RS^3,4, Carrera A¹

¹Medical Sciences Department, Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience Research Group (NEOMA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain; ²Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Salt (Girona), Spain; ³Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; ⁴Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA

Deep gluteal syndrome (DGS) is defined as gluteal pain after exclusion of lumbar radicular pathology. The anatomy of the subgluteal space (SGS) appears to play an important role in its pathophysiology. DGS includes several etiologies characterized by mechanical entrapment of the sciatic nerve (SN) within the gluteal region. Recent hypotheses suggest that perisciatic connective tissue may also contribute to the pathogenesis of this condition. Twenty human subgluteal regions were studied. In 15 hemipelves, microsurgical dissection of the perisciatic tissue was performed under magnification to evaluate tissue density and its connections with adjacent structures. In four fresh-frozen hemipelves preserved at −80 °C, serial semi-thin axial sections (1.5 mm) were obtained and processed using the Biodur® P40 plastination technique. The remaining hemipelvis underwent basic histological analysis of the SGS. Microdissection demonstrated a continuous supra-epineural sheath surrounding the SN throughout the SGS, occasionally incorporating adjacent structures such as the common hamstring tendon origin. This tissue was denser in the distal SGS, particularly near the obturator internus and quadratus femoris muscles. Fibrovascular tissue surrounding the distal SN was identified in 93.3% of specimens. Semi-thin sections showed a perisciatic connective tissue thickness of approximately 15 mm dorsally and 1 mm ventrally, especially at the quadratus femoris level. Mean connective tissue area was greatest at the infrapiriform space (488 mm²) and smallest at the quadratus femoris and ischiofemoral space levels (215 mm²). Lateral anchoring points of this connective tissue were stronger and more continuous than medial ones. Histological analysis demonstrated a close anatomical relationship between the SN and the posterior fascia of the quadratus femoris muscle. These findings provide an anatomical basis for a possible non-compressive, chemically mediated mechanism of sciatic nerve irritation in DGS, warranting further functional and clinical validation.

METHODOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENT OF THE PLASTINATION TECHNIQUE IN BIRDS’ PLUMAGE
Silva, Marcos Vinícius Freitas ¹, Yuri Favalessa Monteiro¹, Raphael Silva Neves¹, Renan Pavesi¹, Ana Paula Santana de Vasconcellos Bittencourt², Aureo Banhos dos Santos³, Athelson Stefanon Bittencourt¹

¹Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil; ²Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil; ³Department of Biology, Center for Exact, Natural and Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil

Plastination is a technique that preserves biological tissues in a natural and non-toxic manner, ensuring long-term stability and ease of handling. However, reports on avian plastination remain scarce due to the structural complexity of feathers and their affinity for silicone. Since birds constitute the second most diverse class of vertebrates, documenting and preserving their diversity through modern preservation methods is essential. This study aimed to adapt the plastination process for avian plumage, maintaining its morphological integrity and an appearance closer to its natural state. Thirty carcasses of domestic pigeons (Columba livia) were plastinated using two distinct protocols: half under a room-temperature protocol (RT; 25 ± 2 °C) and half under a cold-temperature protocol (CT; –25 ± 2 °C). Following impregnation, the fifteen specimens from each group (CT and RT) were equally subdivided into the five post-treatment methods tested: 1) control (wiping with absorbent paper); 2) adsorption with cornstarch; 3) absorption with shredded paper; 4) heating (60 °C); and 5) emulsification with detergent agents, totalling 10 subgroups with 3 specimens each. Each treatment lasted 7 days. Visual assessments and microscopic analyses were performed to evaluate structural changes and the efficacy of each treatment in removing silicone and restoring a natural appearance. Specimens impregnated using the RT method exhibited a coat closer to its natural appearance, since silicone is extracted more easily during treatments. Adsorption/absorption treatments yielded the best aesthetic results for silicone removal. While cornstarch removed considerable amounts of silicone, it left small, microscopic lumps adhering to the feathers, whereas other treatments (control, heating and emulsification) resulted in silicone layers of varying thicknesses covering the feather barbs. Shredded paper presented intermediate results in silicone removal, but with the advantage of leaving no noticeable residue on the feather structures. Heating and emulsification had the worst results, as the silicone impregnated in adjacent tissues was carried into the plumage. In conclusion, RT impregnation and adsorption/absorption techniques proved to be the most effective for removing excess silicone from plumage, and shredded paper stood out as the best choice by offering a balance between effective silicone removal and a residue-free appearance on the feathers.

EPOXY PLASTINATION FOR ANATOMICAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH
Starchik, Dmitry

North-western State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation

The E12 epoxy plastination technique allows for the production of transparent, thin, and durable tissue sections preserving the original topography of all anatomical structures. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the expanded potential of epoxy plastination as a tool for anatomical and clinical research. Both standard and modified E12 protocols were used. In the modified protocol, an anatomical block (no more than 200 ml in volume) was dehydrated in acetone at -25 °C for three weeks, degreased at room temperature, then vacuum-impregnated with a mixture of E12 epoxy resin and E1 hardener in a 7:1 ratio and cured. Cured blocks were cut on a diamond band saw or ground into 0.3–2 mm thick sections, washed, re-impregnated, and finally cured in flat chambers. Sections were photographed and scanned in reflected and transmitted light, and morphometric analysis (areas, angles, dimensions) was performed on the scanned images. Selected sections were stained (hematoxylin and eosin, basic fuchsin, and picric acid) before impregnation. The E12 technique allowed sections to be examined under magnification up to 20x, with final tissue shrinkage being less than 3%. Examination of epoxy sections revealed anatomical details invisible on tomograms. The E12 technique has proven itself effective in demonstrating pathological processes. To date, the modified E12 protocol has proven to be the only method for studying the topography of metallic implanted objects (stents and bone fixators) used in clinical practice. Histological staining of the same sections provided additional evidence of the soft and bony tissue response to the implant. Epoxy plastination offers significantly greater research potential than silicone plastination. Its key advantages—transparency, hardness, the ability to be examined under a microscope, mesoscopic topographic analysis, combination with histological staining, and non-destructive examination of implanted metal structures—open new possibilities for both anatomical and clinical research.

CREATING THREE-DIMENSIONAL VIRTUAL MODELS OF SILICONE PLASTINATES
FOR USE IN MEDICAL EDUCATION
Starchik, Dmitry

North-Western State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation

Realistic three-dimensional images are increasingly used in anatomy education. The aim of this study was to create virtual 3D models of silicone plastinated specimens and to compare the advantages and limitations of photogrammetry and 3D scanning for this purpose. Eight silicone plastinated produced in the university plastination laboratory were digitised using 3D scanning and digital photogrammetry. Three devices were tested: a structured-light scanner, a portable laser scanner, and a 3D scanner with colour texture capture. Digital photogrammetry was performed using overlapping photographs taken from multiple viewpoints. The methods were compared using a five-point scale across nine criteria, including digitisation speed, model quality, processing complexity, cost, object size, and colour reproduction. Structured-light and laser scanning provided the highest geometric quality but were more expensive and more sensitive to surface moisture, transparency, and deep narrow cavities. Photogrammetry was the most accessible and affordable method, allowed digitisation of larger specimens, and provided better colour reproduction, although with lower geometric accuracy. Across all methods, lighting conditions, surface moisture, transparency, and small cavities influenced the final model quality. Both photogrammetry and 3D scanning can be used to create virtual models of silicone plastinates for medical education. The optimal method depends on the educational purpose, required accuracy, available resources, and need for colour reproduction. Digital models of plastinates may also support long-term specimen documentation and morphometric research.

PUTTING ETHICS INTO PRACTICE: A TEST CASE FOR OPERATIONALIZING IFAA GUIDELINES FOR PLASTINATION IN ANATOMY MUSEUMs
Szuster, Debra A, Erika V Alor, Savannah J DeBaets, Maureen E Stabio

Modern Human Anatomy, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA

The University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine (CU-Anschutz), in partnership with the Anatomical Board of the State of Colorado (SAB), has built a collection of 80 plastinated human organs that are free to borrow for teaching and community outreach among university members that reach thousands of learners annually.  In the anatomical community, there is growing thoughtfulness around the ethics of plastination and the public display of human tissues. The International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) has created ethical guidelines spanning seven categories: consent, transparency, standards, non-commercialism, education, privacy, and dignity. However, little research has been conducted on how to operationalize these guidelines. The goal of this project was to develop a quality improvement framework with actionable recommendations for each IFAA category, using CU-Anschutz as a test case. We conducted a retrospective self-evaluation of our plastination display using the seven IFAA categories and a three-tiered rubric.  We documented strategies targeting the lowest scoring areas first and implemented changes incrementally through an iterative process. Initial evaluation indicated need for improvement in the categories of transparency, education, consent, and dignity. Collaborative reflection resulted in multi-level operational changes, including procurement, collection management, physical displays, and enhanced educational signage and storytelling. Additionally, the SAB revised donor consent forms to include specific language defining plastination, the possibility of long-term retention of soft tissues, and consent for skeletonization. Our work provides concrete, actionable steps for self-evaluating and improving plastinated human tissue collections that can be translated to any institution or museum worldwide, supporting the global advancement of ethical display practices.

MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL OF PLASTINATED SPECIMENS CONSIDERING BRAZILIAN LEGISLATION
Zanutto, Cardillo Guilherme¹, Ana Keila Piva Mantovani², Alfredo Luiz Jacomo³, Flavio Carneiro Hojaij³, Flávia Akamatsu³

¹Núcleo de Perícias Médico-Legais de Santos, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Centro Universitário Lusíada (UNILUS), Santos, Brazil; ²Núcleo de Perícias Médico-Legais de Santos, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Brazil; ³Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil

Human bodies used for anatomical study in Brazil may originate from voluntary body donation programs or from unclaimed cadavers transferred by public authorities. Traditionally, after educational and scientific use, human remains are buried, cremated, or undergo skeletal reduction before transfer to communal ossuaries. Plastination enables long-term preservation of biological tissues through polymer impregnation, preventing natural decomposition and raising ethical, legal, and environmental questions regarding the final disposition of these specimens. Despite the increasing use of plastination in anatomy education and research, specific guidance concerning the disposal of plastinated human remains is still limited. A narrative legal and ethical review was conducted regarding the management and final disposition of plastinated human specimens in Brazil. The analysis included national legislation related to body donation and unclaimed cadavers, sanitary regulations, ethical guidelines on anatomical donation and human remains, institutional governance principles, and literature addressing environmental aspects of preserved biological materials disposal. Plastinated specimens present unique challenges due to their long-term preservation and resistance to natural degradation. Although Brazilian legislation establishes general rules for donated and unclaimed human remains, specific provisions regarding plastinated specimens are lacking. Therefore, disposal decisions should consider donor consent, institutional policies, applicable legal requirements, and oversight by competent authorities when necessary. Cremation may represent a feasible disposal option because it prevents the indefinite accumulation of chemically preserved biological materials. However, the environmental implications of burning tissues impregnated with silicone, epoxy, or polyester polymers remain insufficiently studied, and no consensus exists regarding the preferred disposal method. Plastination creates important ethical, legal, and environmental challenges concerning the long-term management and final disposition of anatomical specimens in Brazil. The absence of specific regulatory provisions highlights the need for clearer guidance and institutional protocols. Disposal decisions should be based on donor consent, legal requirements, ethical principles, and environmental considerations. Further studies are needed to support evidence-based recommendations for the final disposition of plastinated human remains.