SHEDDING LIGHT ON THE DETAILED ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN ORBIT WITH EPOXY E12
Adds PJ
St George’s, University of London, London, UK

Introduction: The human orbit is a region of complex anatomy. The orbit is susceptible to damage from trauma and pathology, and is a site of surgical interest. Retrobulbar anatomy is complex and known to vary between individuals, and is not well described in standard anatomy textbooks. The aim of these studies was to elucidate the detailed structure of the retrobulbar vasculature, ethmoidal arteries, and fat septa. Materials and Methods: Human orbits were sectioned from cadaveric heads, taken from bodies donated with consent for anatomical education and research. Three sets of orbits were used. For investigations into the ethmoidal arteries, the internal carotid artery was injected with red silicone, and the medial orbital wall was isolated before further processing; for investigations into the vasculature and the fat septa, the orbits were decalcified in 10% formic acid. All specimens were dehydrated in acetone at -20 °C before impregnation with Biodur® E12. Sections of 0.3 mm thickness were cut with a slow speed diamond saw. The medial wall sections were stained with Miller’s stain for elastin. Three-dimensional reconstructions were carried out using WinSURF software. For the orbital fat septa, different staining methods were trialled. Stained sections were photographed, and 3D reconstructions were carried out using ‘Reconstruct’ software. To visualise the retrobulbar vasculature, sections were stained with Gomori’s trichrome and Miller’s stain, imaged, and reconstructed using BioVis software. Results: The optical qualities of the epoxy resin blocks were excellent. In the stained sections, the ethmoidal arteries were clearly visible, and a 3D model was created. For the orbital fat septa, Gomori’s trichrome stain was found to give the clearest visualisation, and a 3D model was created from the stained sections. In the study of the vasculature, a 3D model of the arterial system was reconstructed; the superior ophthalmic vein and the central retinal vein were visualised, though the venous system could not be fully reconstructed. Conclusions: E12 plastination was effective in analysing the structure of the orbital vasculature, retrobulbar fat septa, and ethmoidal arteries at a macroscopic level; however, anatomical topology was not entirely preserved on a microscopic level. Gomori’s trichrome stain gave good results in highlighting axial sections of the arteries. Detailed anatomical models of the retrobulbar orbital vascular system, the ethmoidal arteries, and the retrobulbar fat septa were created. The 3D models obtained may be used for teaching and surgery planning.

THE JOURNAL OF PLASTINATION
Adds PJ
St George’s, University of London, London, UK

The “Journal of the International Society for Plastination” was first published in January 1987, edited by Harmon Bickley. The cover of Volume 1(1) featured an axial image of the human abdomen, although there were no images inside. Five papers were published in Issue 1, mostly describing technical aspects of tissue preservation and plastination, however, one paper (with Gunther von Hagens as a co-author) recognized the potential of plastination in research. Other notable authors from Volume 1 include Dr Robert Henry, who was appointed Editor in 1989. All the contributing authors in Volume 1 were from the early centres of plastination: Utrecht, Vienna, Heidelberg, and the USA, reflecting the limited reach of plastination at that time. In Volume 3 (1989) abstracts from meetings of the ISP were included. Volume 3 included the first publications from Dr Carlos Baptista. In Volume 4 (1990), an Editorial Board was listed. In Volume 8 (1994), Dale Ulmer took over as Editor, and in Volume 9 (1995) the official founding of the International Society for Plastination was recorded. Volume 9 also carried letters from the newly-elected President, Bob Henry, and the Editor. The Journal continued to develop over its first two decades, culminating in the publication of the plastination ‘cookbook’ in 2007 (Volume 22). The Editor from 1987-2000 was Gilles Grondin; Bob Henry was Interim Editor for Volume 16 (2001), Robert Reed took over as Editor from 2002. A glossy cover with a coloured photograph was added, and improved print and image quality, with coloured images. In its 20th year, Volume 22 (2007) the cover featured a photograph of von Hagens’ plastinated ‘Rearing Horse with Rider’. The Journal struggled to survive during its third decade, with the number of submissions falling. It was not published between 2009-2011, then was re-launched in 2012 as “The Journal of Plastination”, with Carlos Baptista as Editor. I took over in 2014. The Journal became online only in 2020. The latest issue, Volume 37(1) (2025), fittingly contained two papers celebrating the achievements of Gunther von Hagens in his 80th birthday year, nearly 40 years after his contribution to the first issue of the journal.

PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON THE COMBINATION OF S10 PLASTINATION AND THE CHILEAN FIXATIVE SOLUTION
Álvarez-Ricartes N1, del Sol M1,2, Ottone NE1,2,3,4, Masuko TS,5 Maranillo E6, Veuthey C7
1Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
2Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies (CEMyQ), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
3Laboratory of Plastination and Anatomical Techniques, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
4Adults Integral Dentistry Department, Center for Research in Dental Sciences (CICO), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
5Department of Biomorphology, Institute of Health Sciences, Bahia Federal University (ICS-UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
6Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Medical Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
7Postgraduate and Research Direction, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile

Introduction: This study presents preliminary findings on the combined use of the traditional S10 silicone plastination method, originally developed by Gunther von Hagens in 1977, with a fixative solution developed in Chile, aiming to evaluate its compatibility, effectiveness, and potential benefits for anatomical preservation. The Chilean fixative solution, formulated to enhance tissue stability, reduce toxic exposure, and improve long-term handling characteristics, has been widely implemented in educational settings. However, its integration into downstream plastination workflows has not been thoroughly explored. Understanding this interaction is crucial, as fixation quality directly influences dehydration, forced impregnation, and the final characteristics of plastinated specimens. Materials and Methods: The research involved preparing anatomical samples fixed exclusively with the Chilean fixative solution, composed of sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, glycerin, ethyl alcohol, benzalkonium chloride, formaldehyde (2%), and eucalyptus essence, and subsequently submitting them to the standard S10 plastination protocol, including cold acetone dehydration, vacuum impregnation with silicone polymer (Biodur®, S10:S3, 100:1), and gas curing (Biodur® S6). Throughout the process, macroscopic and microscopic parameters were monitored, with special attention to tissue shrinkage, acetone exchange efficiency, polymer penetration, and the visual and tactile qualities of the final plastinates. Results: Early results indicate that tissues fixed with the Chilean solution maintain structural cohesion comparable to specimens fixed with classical formaldehyde-based formulas. During dehydration, samples exhibited predictable acetone diffusion kinetics, without excessive lipid retention or abnormal tissue rigidity. Forced impregnation proceeded effectively, and polymer uptake was consistent, suggesting that the fixative does not chemically interfere with silicone bonding. The cured specimens demonstrated good dimensional stability, clear anatomical definition, and appropriate mechanical resistance, making them suitable for repeated manipulation in teaching environments. Conclusion: These preliminary observations support the feasibility of integrating the Chilean fixative solution into the S10 plastination workflow. Potential advantages include improved occupational safety, reduced chemical odor, and better preservation of tissue color and texture. In addition, future work will focus on reformulating the Chilean solution to completely eliminate formalin, aiming to further enhance biosafety while maintaining fixation quality. Further studies involving larger sample sizes, histological validation, and long-term durability assessments are needed to confirm these initial outcomes and optimize the protocol for broader application.
Grant support: Partially funded by Dirección de Investigación, Universidad de La Frontera, Supports PP24-0030, PP25-0031, DI24-0039 and DI25-0092.
References
Ottone NE. 2023: Advances in Plastination Techniques. Cham, Springer Nature
Ottone NE, Cirigliano V, Bianchi HF, Medan CD, Algieri RD, Borges Brum G, Fuentes R. 2015: New contributions to the development of a plastination technique at room temperature with silicone. Anat Sci Int 90(2):126-35. DOI: 10.1007/s12565-014-0258-6
Rojas Oviedo JD, Ruiz Diaz SS. 2010: Empleo de solución fijadora conservadora chilena como alternativa al uso del formaldehido para la preservación de tejidos [Use of conservative Chilean fixative solution as an alternative to formaldehyde for tissue preservation]. In: V Congreso Colombiano de Morfología. Int J Morph 28(1):337-340.
https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022010000100050
Skopnik-Chicago M, Poblete-Cordero K, Zamora N, et al. 2021: Comparison of haptic and biometric properties, bacterial load, and student perception of fixative solutions: formaldehyde versus Chilean conservative fixative solution with and without formaldehyde in pig kidneys. Anat Sci Educ 14:836-846
von Hagens G. 1986: Heidelberg Plastination Folder. Collection of all technical leaflets for plastination. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: Anatomische Institut 1, Universitat Heidelberg
von Hagens G, Tiedemann K, Kriz W. 19897: The current potential of plastination. Anat Embryol (Berl) 175(4):411–21. DOI: 10.1007/BF00309677.

INCINERATION OF PLASTINATED SPECIMENS
Antill J1, Schill VK2
1City St George’s, University of London, London, UK
2BIODUR® Products GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany

Introduction: Plastination is a preservation technique of human and animal tissue that creates highly durable specimens, which, with appropriate care, last indefinitely [1]. However, due to their durability, only few crematoriums/incineration plants have experience with their disposition. This paper aims to determine if cremation is an appropriate and safe disposition method for plastinates through investigating the thermal disposability of three silicone or epoxy impregnated specimens. Investigations also included the legal compliance within the UK [2, 3] and Germany [4]. Materials and Methods: Three plastinated specimens were used for incineration experiments: silicone goat lung tissue, silicone human shoulder joint tissue, and epoxy resin giraffe pelvis joint slice. Following incineration, the thermal disposability of each specimen was investigated, chiefly the calorific value and ash melting behaviour. Additionally, the UK waste management company, Stericycle, and the German Crematorium, Krematorium am Limes, were interviewed regarding compliance and regulation standards to ensure the technical data fell within appropriate remits. Results: Thermal disposability testing revealed both silicone and epoxy resin specimens produced expected results for incinerated plastic; the most important being the calorific value as this positively correlates with overall energy output. All three specimens' calorific value fell within the expected range of plastics (21.90 - 43.20 MJ/kg)[5] with the epoxy specimen having the highest value of 26.23 MJ/kg. Combustion chambers of crematoriums are typically designed for content with a higher water content, thus lower calorific value. Therefore, to ensure they can withstand the higher calorific value of plastinates and in turn increased overall energy output, results were scaled up to simulate cremation of a whole body plastinate. Calculations show that cremation of a whole plastinated body with a pine coffin is completely appropriate and acceptable as that total energy output (1138MJ) is still lower that the total energy output of an oak coffin alone (1208MJ). Interviews with Stericycle and a crematorium manager confirmed it is permissible to incinerate plastinated specimens as compliance regulations were upheld. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that crematorium combustion chambers are suitable and safe for the disposition of plastinated specimens as the relevant technical and legal standards for the UK and for Germany were met. Therefore, this paper can serve as a disposal guide for both crematorium and incineration plant operators and institutions housing plastinated specimens. However, as no investigations on the potential of flue gas pollutants were conducted, future chemical tests require conducting. These results would not influence the technical procedure for incineration but may impact the feasibility of plastination incineration as the regulations regarding a potential environmental impact must be met.
References
1. von Hagens G, Tiedemann K, Kriz W 1987: The current potential of plastination. Anat Embryol 175:411-421. DOI: 10.1007/BF00309677
2. Industrial Emissions Directive (2020) Available from:
https://www.gov.uk/guidance/industrial-emissions-standards-and-best-available-techniques
3. The Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations (2016) No. 1154. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/1154/contents
4. Twenty-seventh Ordinance on the Implementation of the Federal Emission Control Act, (1997) Available from:
https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bimschv_27/BJNR054510997.html

ENGAGING THE NEXT GENERATION OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS AND THE PUBLIC: THE MUSEUM OF PLASTINATES AND THE STUDENT-LED TOURS
Baptista CAC
University of Toledo, Ohio, USA

The establishment of the Museum of Plastinates was a strategic institutional response to the shifting landscape of medical education, addressing the debate over dissection versus prosection. The construction, utilizing an original empty space, was made possible by revenue generated by the plastination lab. Opened in December 2013 and expanded in 2016, the Museum serves as the repository for specimens derived from the Body Donation Program, meticulously dissected by select 2nd-year medical students who receive stipends for their preceptorship. Museums of plastinates are a powerful resource for anatomical education, yet they must serve two distinct and critical audiences: future healthcare professionals, who require deep foundational knowledge, and the public, who benefit from improved health literacy. Engaging both groups effectively presents a significant pedagogical challenge. To address this, the University of Toledo's College of Medicine and Life Sciences implemented a student-led tour program (Student-to-Student) at its Museum of Plastinates. This initiative trains health science students to serve as docents, guiding tours for both their peers and the community. The program creates a symbiotic learning environment with dual benefits. For the student docents, it reinforces their own anatomical knowledge through the principle of "to teach is to learn twice," leading to deeper understanding and long-term retention. Furthermore, it serves as a practical workshop for developing critical communication skills as students learn to translate complex medical information into accessible language—a crucial competency for future clinicians. For the public, the student-led tours demystify medicine, providing an accessible forum for health-related questions and increasing community health literacy. These interactions also serve to inspire interest in STEM and healthcare careers among K-12 visitors. The University of Toledo’s program demonstrates a successful and sustainable model that leverages a single resource to simultaneously educate the next generation of healthcare professionals and engage the public.

AN 80TH BIRTHDAY TRIBUTE TO DR. GUNTHER VON HAGENS
Brewer R
von Hagens Plastination, Guben, Germany

Gunther von Hagens has never been one to follow convention. This keynote offers an intimate exploration of the challenges he faced, the motivations that fuelled his relentless pursuit of innovation, and the passion that transformed him from a dedicated anatomist into a public figure and speaker. It traces his journey from adversity to acclaim, revealing the personal battles behind his scientific triumphs. To many, he is the eccentric genius who transformed anatomical education, a man whose work straddles science and art, controversy and acclaim. But to those who know him beyond his revolutionary invention of plastination, he is something much more: a tireless dreamer, a defiant survivor, and a man who has spent a lifetime pushing the boundaries of what is possible.

PERSPECTIVES OF INTERNATIONAL ANATOMY EDUCATORS: PLASTINATION, CROSS-SECTIONAL TEACHING AND CHALLENGES IN CLINICAL ANATOMY EDUCATION
Brewer R1, Ward P2, Hammond L1, Tunstall R1
1Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
2West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg WV, USA

Introduction: E12 plastinated cross-sectional anatomy (PCA) offers high fidelity and correlation with medical imaging [6,7,8,10]. However, student exam performance, educator perceptions, pedagogical frameworks underpinning their application and barriers to use are inadequately explored [2,4]. The aim of this study was to capture international educator perspectives on cross-sectional anatomy with focus on PCA; and compare three groups: (1) PCA users, (2) non-PCA cross-section users, (3) non-users, on learning challenges, resource use, curricular stage/frameworks, and barriers/facilitators to PCA adoption. Materials and Methods:
A web-based (Qualtrics) CHERRIES3-aligned survey (Ethics BSREC 55/24-25) was used, 25 Feb-14 Apr 2025. Inclusion criteria: anatomy educators (any healthcare discipline). Exclusion criteria: no consent/teaching experience, <9% survey progress. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis performed. Results: 372 educators (318 analysed) across 62 countries responded. Top learning challenges were visuospatial ability (70%), medical-image interpretation (58%), positional relationships (53%), spaces/regions/planes (48%). 315 use cross-sectional resources, 25% use PCA. Perceived performance gains: PCA 57%; non-PCA 59%. Supporting teaching frameworks were uncommon, and the leading barriers were insufficient curricular time (56–67%), limited faculty training/confidence (41–43%) and “too complicated” (22–32%). Curricular “fit” clustered in early and middle years. Non-users were largely familiar and willing to adopt PCA but constrained by time/training. Conclusions: Spatial and image interpretation skills were identified as the most common challenges. Globally, educators value cross-sections (particularly PCA) for spatial and imaging outcomes, yet adoption is impeded by multiple barriers.
References
1. Braun V, Clarke V. 2006: Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol 3 (2): 77–101
2. Chytas D, Piagkou M, Johnson EO, Tsakotos G, Mazarakis A, et al. 2019: Outcomes of the use of plastination in anatomy education: current evidence. Surg Radiol Anat 41(10): 1181–1186
3. Eysenbach, G. 2004: Improving the quality of Web surveys: the checklist for reporting results of internet e-surveys (CHERRIES). J Med Internet Res 6(3): e34 doi: 10.2196/jmir.6.3.e34
4. Goh JSK, Chandrasekaran R, Sirasanagandla SR, Acharyya S, Mogali SR. 2024: Efficacy of plastinated specimens in anatomy education: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Anat Sci Educ 14 (1): 1–10
5. Klaus RM, Royer DF, Stabio ME. 2018: Use and perceptions of plastination among medical anatomy educators in the United States. Clin Anat 31(2): 282–292
6. Latorre R, de Jong K, Sora MC, López‐Albors O, Baptista C. 2019: E12 technique: Conventional epoxy resin sheet plastination. Anat Histol Embryol 48(6): 557–563
7. Ottone NE, Baptista CA, Latorre R, Bianchi HF, Del Sol M, Fuentes R. 2018: E12 sheet plastination: Techniques and applications. Clin Anat 31(5): 742–756
8. Ottone NE. 2023: Advances in Plastination Techniques. Springer Nature.
9. Sadler T, Zhang T, Taylor H, Brassett C. 2018: The role of radiology in anatomy teaching in UK medical schools: a national survey. Clini Radiol 73(2): 185–190
10. Sora MC, Cook P. 2007: Epoxy plastination of biological tissue: E12 technique. J Int Soc Plast 22:31-39.

PLASTINATES: BESPOKE DESIGNS
Chereminskiy, V
von Hagens Plastination, Guben, Germany

Plastination has long supported anatomical teaching, yet its fullest value emerges when specimens are purpose-built. This presentation charts the progression from historical/traditional displays to routine plastinates for education, clarifying where standard preparations excel, and where they fall short. Bespoke designs are developed with explicit clinical endpoints and learning outcomes. Examples illustrate how targeted dissections can preserve and foreground key fascial continuities, expose safe surgical access, and integrate neurovascular relationships that are often sacrificed in conventional approaches. Early feedback from learners and clinicians highlights improved transfer to clinical decision-making. With routine plastinates as a solid foundation, this presentation explores “bespoke designs”, ensuring plastinates teach precisely what practice requires.

SETTING THE STANDARD: A COLLABORATIVE APPROACH TOWARD ETHICS IN HUMAN PLASTINATION
Patrick W. Frank1, Wheelan, A.
1Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, West Reading Campus, Wyomissing, PA. 19610

The ethics of human plastination has garnered significant discourse throughout the medical and social sciences. As plastination continues to evolve within a dynamic bioethical landscape, it is essential to establish and maintain rigorous standards. In this climate, The ISP is poised to make a significant impact by coming together to formulate a codified ethical framework, taking positions on challenging topics. To address global ethical concerns about plastination, Dr. Bill Frank and Alexandra Wheelan, along with ISP members from diverse cultural contexts and academic backgrounds, are collaborating on a “Statement of Position” which aims to provide practical and necessary ethical guidance on human plastination for practitioners, institutions, and other essential stakeholders. We intend to draw from relevant theoretical frameworks to build toward practical applications which can provide a new model of approach to ethics that imparts more specificity. While core tenets such as informed consent, respect, dignity, transparency, and stewardship are all immensely important and faithfully implemented, the plastination community is still faced with challenges including balancing education and public engagement, legal frameworks and institutional oversight, transportation, use of digital images, 3D prints, and virtual reality, care of legacy collections, and final disposition of plastinates. These are all critical topics in need of positions from the ISP. We are deeply interested in the invaluable insights and opinions of other ISP members, and hope this presentation allows for productive and meaningful dialogue.

APPLICATION OF THE S10 SILICONE TECHNIQUE FOR PLASTINATION OF THE CARDIOPULMONARY BLOCK
Gómez-Barril R1, Torres-Villar C2,3, del Sol M2,4, Ottone NE2,4,5,6
1Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
2Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
3Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
4Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies (CEMyQ), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
5Laboratory of Plastination and Anatomical Techniques, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
6Adults Integral Dentistry Department, Center for Research in Dental Sciences (CICO), Faculty of Dentistry, UFRO, Temuco, Chile

Introduction: The S10 silicone plastination technique, invented by Gunther von Hagens in 1977 [1-3], represents one of the most reliable and widely adopted methods for preserving human anatomical specimens, offering durable, odorless, and dry-to-the-touch preparations suitable for both teaching and research. Its application to the cardiopulmonary block provides significant advantages in the study of thoracic anatomy, as this region contains complex spatial relationships between the heart, lungs, great vessels, and mediastinal structures [4]. The present work describes the application of the S10 method to an en bloc cardiopulmonary specimen, highlighting methodological considerations, practical steps, and the educational value of the resulting plastinated preparation [5, 6]. Materials and Methods: The process begins with careful dissection and removal of the cardiopulmonary block, preserving the pericardium, major vascular connections, and bronchial structures. Following fixation, dehydration is performed using cold acetone, ensuring thorough removal of water and lipids while maintaining structural integrity. Forced impregnation at cold temperature (-25°C) with Biodur© S10 silicone polymer, combine with the catalyst (Biodur© S3) (100:1) under vacuum constitutes the core of the technique, during which acetone is gradually replaced by polymer within the tissues [7, 8]. This step must be carefully monitored to avoid excessive shrinkage or distortion, particularly in delicate structures such as coronary vessels, lung parenchyma, and the conduction pathways of the heart. Curing and gas-hardening (Biodur© S6) complete the process, yielding a robust and anatomically accurate specimen. Results: The resulting plastinated cardiopulmonary block demonstrates excellent morphological preservation, enabling detailed visualization of cardiac chambers, coronary circulation, bronchial tree, and mediastinal relationships. Compared with traditional wet specimens, S10 plastination offers superior long-term stability and improved accessibility for learners, allowing for repeated handling without degradation. This technique also facilitates integration of plastinated specimens into interactive and problem-based curricula, enhancing students’ understanding of three-dimensional thoracic anatomy. Conclusions: Finally, the application of the S10 silicone technique to the cardiopulmonary block provides a high-quality educational resource that supports anatomical training in medicine, dentistry, nursing, and allied health sciences [9]. The method offers an effective approach for producing durable and realistic thoracic specimens while maintaining the anatomical fidelity essential for professional instruction.
Grant support: Partially funded by Dirección de Investigación, Universidad de La Frontera, Supports PP24-0030, PP25-0031, DI24-0039 and DI25-0092; ANID BECAS/DOCTORADO NACIONAL under grant number 21232217.
References
1. von Hagens G. 1979: Impregnation of soft biological specimens with thermosetting resins and elastomers. Anat Rec 194(2):247–55. DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091940206
2. von Hagens G. 1986: Heidelberg plastination folder. Collection of all technical leaflets for plastination. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: Anatomische Institut 1, Universitat Heidelberg
3. von Hagens G, Tiedemann K, Kriz W. 1987: The current potential of plastination. Anat Embryol (Berl) 175(4):411–21. DOI: 10.1007/BF00309677
4. Baptista CA, Conran PB. 1989: Plastination of the heart: preparation for the study of the cardiac valves. J Int Soc Plastination 3(1):3-7. DOI:10.56507/PEXL8984
5. Henry RW, Janick L, Henry C. 1997: Specimen preparation for silicone plastination. J Int Soc Plastination 12(1):13–17. DOI: 10.56507/HVSK9838
6. Tiedemann K, von Hagens G. 1982: The technique of heart plastination. Anat Rec 204(3):295-9. DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092040315
7. Starchik D, Henry RW. Comparison of cold and room temperature silicone plastination techniques using tissue core samples and a variety of plastinates. J Plast 2015;27(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.56507/NTQJ7764
8. Ottone NE. 2023: Advances in Plastination Techniques. Cham, Springer Nature
9. Prieto-Gómez R, Rojas M, Koch C, Saint-Pierre G, Estrada J, Ottone NE. 2025: Plastination of Archival Human Fetuses: Anatomical Preservation, Microbiological Safety, 3D Reconstruction, Ethical Considerations and Educational Impact in Obstetrics and Childcare Career Students. Clin Anat 0:1-11 DOI: 10.1002/ca.70032.

PLASTINATION UNDER ECUADORIAN RESTRICTIONS: PROTOCOL USING ETHANOL AND PLATINUM SILICONE
Revelo-Cueva M1, Luis López JL2, Estevez R3, Toaquiza A-B3
1Laboratorio de Anatomía Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
2Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
3Carrera de Radiología e Imagenología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador

Introduction: Plastination is an anatomical technique that provides accuracy and durability (von Hagens et al., 1987). In Ecuador, its implementation faces challenges due to the complex logistics involved in importing specialized polymers and the governmental regulations concerning solvents such as acetone and isopropyl alcohol (Acevedo et al., 2018). To address the need for applying this technique without violating local regulations, the study employed ethanol and food-grade silicone as alternative materials. Materials and Methods: The plastination protocol described by von Hagens et al. (1987) was applied to preserve organs of Gallus gallus domesticus (heart, gizzard, and proventriculus), with adaptations to the dehydration–defatting and impregnation–curing phases. After fixation in 10% formaldehyde, two protocols were evaluated at −20 °C: (a) ethanol combined with acetone and (b) ethanol combined with thinner, selecting the former due to its lower shrinkage. Subsequently, the organs were impregnated and cured in two groups: (a) Biodur® silicones S10/S3 plus Biodur® S6 silicone and (b) platinum silicone with catalyst (MOLMA, 7000 cPs). Results: The use of thinner caused severe volumetric shrinkage of 43.46% in the hearts. In contrast, the ethanol–acetone protocol-maintained shrinkage at manageable levels across all organs (up to 12%). Regarding the use of platinum silicone, the plastinated organs exhibited characteristics similar to those obtained with specialized silicones (glossy appearance, absence of odor, and preserved anatomical shape), as well as comparable final shrinkage (between 10% and 32%). Discussion: The results showed that although thinner was used as a defatting agent, it caused severe shrinkage in hearts and moderate shrinkage in gizzards, a difference likely associated with the histological structure of the organs (Troup & Stein, 1995; Monteiro et al., 2022). In contrast, dehydration with ascending ethanol concentrations at −20 °C, followed by defatting with acetone, resulted in acceptable volumetric shrinkage, considering that previous studies have reported greater tissue shrinkage with ethanol compared to acetone (Srisuwatanasagul et al., 2010; Singh et al., 2015). However, it should be noted that volumetric shrinkage occurs mainly during impregnation and that silicones with lower viscosity produce less tissue contraction (Monteiro et al., 2022; Delpupo et al., 2024). Therefore, the shrinkage observed in the organs (>30%) is likely related to the high viscosity (7000 cPs) of the platinum silicone, which limited deep capillary perfusion (Singh et al., 2015). Conclusions: The trial conducted using ethanol–acetone and platinum silicone provides a cost-effective solution for the dehydration–defatting process. However, the high viscosity of platinum silicone hinders its reuse, which in turn increases costs and introduces significant operational challenges.
Grant support: Supported by the Research Directorate of the Central University of Ecuador through the senior research project coded DI-CONV-2023-003.
References
Delpupo F, Cassiano L, Monteiro Y, Júnior M, Soares K, Bittencourt A. 2024: Low viscosity silicone with less shrinkage for brain slices. Morphologie 108(360): 100726
Monteiro Y, Silva M, Bittencourt A, Bittencourt A. 2022: Plastination with low viscosity silicone: strategy for less tissue shrinkage. Braz J Med Biol Res 55: e11962
Ottone NE. 2023: Advances in Plastination Techniques. Cham, Springer Nature
Singh N, Chaudhary A, Nair S, Kumar S. 2015: Non-perishable museum specimens: redefined plastination technique. J Plast 27(2): 1-9
Srisuwatanasagul K, Srisuwatanasagul S, Adirekthaworn A, Darawiroj D. 2010: Comparative study between using acetone and absolute alcohol for dehydration in plastination procedure. Thai J Vet Med 40(4): 437-440
Troup C, Stein F. 1995: Chicken plastination: its role in teaching avian anatomy. J Int Soc Plastination, 10(2):34-36
von Hagens G, Tiedemann K, Kriz W. 1987: The current potential of plastination. Anat Embryol 175(4): 411-421

BEYOND DISSECTION: INTEGRATING PLASTINATES WITH CLINICAL TRAINING AND IMAGING
Savoini E
A.T. Still University-School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona (ATSU-SOMA), USA

Traditional cadaveric dissection provides a foundation for understanding human anatomy, yet it often limits exposure to structural relationships, tissue texture, and the functional dynamics observed in living systems. This presentation explores an integrative approach that combines plastinated specimens, anatomical casts, and fresh animal tissue demonstrations to bridge the gap between anatomic form, radiologic imaging, and clinical application. Plastinated hearts, lungs, knees, and head sections—alongside corrosion casts of coronary and pulmonary vasculature—are incorporated into anatomy and clinical skills sessions to reinforce three-dimensional understanding and structural continuity. Head plastinates are paired with MRI slices to enhance spatial comprehension, while plastinated knees are utilized during cadaveric surgical demonstrations such as total knee replacement to reveal correlating structures. Fresh animal tissues provide a complementary perspective on the properties of living anatomy. Demonstrations of bone with intact periosteum illustrate tissue layering rarely appreciated in preserved specimens, while fresh lungs are inflated and deflated to visualize airway branching and pulmonary elasticity. Fresh hearts are used to demonstrate valve function and highlight the delicate thinness of cardiac structures obscured by fixation. By integrating plastination, fresh-tissue dynamics, and imaging interpretation, this session presents a cohesive model for teaching anatomy that transcends traditional dissection. The approach fosters deeper understanding of form and function, enhances radiologic and procedural reasoning, and connects the static anatomy of the lab to the living anatomy of clinical practice.

PLASTINATION FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH
Starchik D
Department of Human Morphology, North-Western State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation

Plastination was originally developed as a method for creating anatomical specimens for educational purposes in medical training. Since 1988, plastination has also been applied in clinical research, leading to the emergence of a distinct field — clinical plastination. This approach has opened new possibilities for morphometry, investigation of pathological processes, and evaluation of surgical outcomes using various plastination techniques. The aim of our study was to summarize the accumulated experience of applying plastination in practical medicine. The study utilized standard silicone plastination (S10), room-temperature plastination (RT), epoxy plastination of slices (E12), and epoxy plastination of tissue blocks. Pathologically altered human organs and tissues obtained during autopsy or after surgical procedures were used as study material. Some silicone plastinates were photographed from multiple angles to generate three-dimensional models using photogrammetry. It was determined that the use of epoxy resin with a refractive index between 1.45 and 1.51 provides high optical transparency, allowing clear visualization of stent components and their relationship to the arterial wall on the sections. This method proved superior to conventional radiography for assessing stent wire positioning and its adherence to the vessel wall. Therefore, epoxy plastination currently represents the only morphological technique enabling detailed examination of the spatial relationships among metallic stents, vascular walls, and atherosclerotic plaques. Plastinates make a significant contribution to clinical anatomy by facilitating the demonstration of pathological processes, assessment of surgical outcomes, and training of surgeons. They are easy to handle, safe, and effectively engage practicing physicians. The specimens are convenient for use in lectures, seminars, and practical training. Epoxy sections are actively used in radiologist education (by correlating plastinates with CT/MRI data), while silicone three-dimensional models are employed for endoscopic skills training (bronchoscopy, gastroscopy) and for performing highly accurate morphometric analysis. The application of plastination in clinical education and research significantly enhances diagnostic capabilities, surgical planning, and morphological investigation. Further expansion of plastination use in clinical and laboratory practice will deepen the understanding of anatomo-clinical relationships and improve the quality of specialist training.

STUDY OF THE LAYERED STRUCTURE OF FACIAL SOFT TISSUES USING EPOXY PLASTINATION
Starchik DA, Khabibulaeva NA
Department of Human Morphology, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, Saint Petersburg, Russia

Introduction: Epoxy plastination allows the study of anatomical structures with preservation of their topography and high optical transparency. The aim was to describe the layered anatomy of facial soft tissues on epoxy plastinated slices and to compare them with ultrasound and MRI data for the practice of injection and reconstructive procedures. Materials and Methods: Serial head slices were prepared in three planes using epoxy plastination (E12 protocol: dehydration, defatting, impregnation, curing; total duration ≈30 days). Morphometric assessments of the thickness of major layers (skin, subcutaneous tissue, SMAS/facial muscles, deep fat compartments, fasciae) were performed in key areas (frontal-temporal, buccal, parotid-masseteric, peri-orbital). Comparison with ultrasound and MRI of corresponding regions was made; descriptive statistics (mean±SD), Student’s t-test, p<0.05. Results: Epoxy plastinated slices provided clear visualization of the layered organization of the face: skin, subcutaneous tissue, SMAS/facial muscles, deep fat compartments (including the buccal fat pad), buccopharyngeal/masseteric fascia, masseter muscle, periosteum. Transparency of slices facilitated tracing of fascial transitions and inter-aponeurotic spaces, including the temporal region. Skin thickness was generally low (maximal in zygomatic and chin regions, minimal on nasal dorsum and eyelids); relative ratios of soft tissue layers were preserved across individuals. On ultrasound and MRI, layer boundaries corresponded to plastination, although fascia and periosteum were less distinct. Safe planes for filler injections and risk zones (variable subcutaneous thickness, proximity of neurovascular structures) were identified. Discussion: Epoxy plastination (E12) provides micro-topography comparable to sonography but with higher “reference” resolution for calibration of ultrasound/MRI. Combining these data improves accuracy of preoperative planning and training. Limitations: small sample size and preparation artifacts (shrinkage), requiring extension of the series and standardization of morphometry. Conclusions: Epoxy plastinated slices reproduce layered facial anatomy and validate radiological signs of clinically important layers; integration with ultrasound/MRI increases safety and predictability of injection and surgical procedures.
References
1. von Hagens G, Tiedemann K, Kriz W. 1987: The current potential of plastination. Anat Embryol (Berl) 175(4):411-421. doi:10.1007/BF00309677. PMID:3555158.
2. Sora M-C, Cook P. 2007: Epoxy plastination of biological tissue: E12 technique. J Int Soc Plast 22:31-39. doi:10.56507/FCTY3173
3. Adds PJ, McCarthy P, Uddin J, Gore S. 2017: 3-D reconstruction of the retrobulbar orbital septa using Biodur E12®. J Plastination 29(1):8-14. doi:10.56507/CDAC7411
4. Latorre R, de Jong K, Sora M-C, López-Albors O, Baptista C. 2019: E12 technique: conventional epoxy resin sheet plastination. Anat Histol Embryol 48(6):557-563. doi:10.1111/ahe.12507. Epub 2019 Oct 15. PMID:31617253
5. Ottone NE, Baptista CAC, Latorre R, Bianchi HF, Del Sol M, Fuentes R. 2018: E12 sheet plastination: techniques and applications. Clin Anat 31(5):742-756. doi:10.1002/ca.23008. Epub 2017 Dec 4. PMID:29082560
6. Cotofana S, Alfertshofer M, Schenck TL, Bertucci V, Beleznay K, Ascher B, et al. 2020: Anatomy of the superior and inferior labial arteries revised: an ultrasound investigation and implication for lip volumization. Aesthet Surg J 40(12):1327-1335. doi:10.1093/asj/sjaa137. PMID:32469050
7. Chaimongkhol T, Mahakkanukrauh P. 2022: The facial soft tissue thickness related facial reconstruction by ultrasonographic imaging: a review. Forensic Sci Int 337:111365. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111365. Epub 2022 Jun 11. PMID:35752011

PLASTINATION AND HISTOLOGICAL RESEARCH METHODS IN A COMPARATIVE ASPECT
Starchik DA1, Pavlov AV2, Kazantseva EV1, Andreev YA1
1Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
2Yaroslavl State Medical University, Department of Histology, Embryology, and Cytology, Yaroslavl, Russia

Introduction: Plastination is a relatively new technique that allows for the study of organ topography and their anatomical proportions [1]. However, its application in the histological field of human tissue studies, including in educational settings, is rather limited. Microscopic examination of slides remains an integral part of training in the departments of histology and pathological anatomy. However, modern trends in medical development and physician training require improved approaches in educational disciplines. Undoubtedly, the use of sheet plastination with epoxy resin could also be useful for studying the layered structure of organs. The aim of this study was to develop a method for the combined use of epoxy plastinates and histological preparations in research and for teaching students in morphology departments. Materials and Methods: For the study, six preparations of a parenchymatous organ (liver), six preparations of a hollow organ (heart), 12 preparations of a gland (mammary gland), and six preparations of the head (frontal sections) were prepared. After standard fixation of the biological material with 7% formalin solution, epoxy plastinates were prepared using E-12 epoxy resin. The epoxy plastinates were then scanned using an office scanner at a resolution of 2400 dpi. For histological examination, 30 liver sections, 35 heart sections, and 30 mammary gland sections were prepared. Staining was performed using standard hematoxylin and eosin. The resulting slides were photographed at high resolution. Results: Histological slides offer greater resolution and the ability to examine an organ at a microscopic level, illustrating not only tissue but also cells. However, students with such classical training do not gain a holistic understanding of the organ. Epoxy plastination allows for the assessment of the overall structure of tissues and organs at the mesoscopic and macroscopic levels, providing an "intermediate link" or "bridge" between anatomical and microscopic examination. Conclusions: Thus, the epoxy plastination method significantly expands the capabilities of morphological studies and improves the effectiveness of student learning in disciplines such as anatomy and histology.
References
1. Ottone NE, Baptista CAC, Latorre R, Bianchi HF, Del Sol M, Fuentes R. 2018: E12 sheet plastination: Techniques and applications. Clin Anat 31(5):742-756

S10 SILICONE PRESERVATION OF HUMAN HEAD SECTIONS FOR ANATOMICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
Torres-Villar C1,2, Gómez-Barril R3, Rodríguez-Torrez VH4, Fuentes R5, del Sol M1,6, Ottone NE1,6,7
1Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
2Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
3Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
4Chair of Human Anatomy and Neuroanatomy, Medicine and Dentistry Department, Universidad Privada del Valle, La Paz, Bolivia
5Adults Integral Dentistry Department, Center for Research in Dental Sciences (CICO), Faculty of Dentistry, UFRO, Temuco, Chile
6Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies (CEMyQ), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
7Laboratory of Plastination and Anatomical Techniques, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile

Introduction: The S10 silicone plastination technique, developed by Gunther von Hagens in 1977, has become a cornerstone method for the preservation of human anatomical specimens, yielding durable, odorless, and easy-to-handle materials well suited for both educational and research purposes. When applied to human head sections, S10 plastination, preceded by colored epoxy resin vascular injection, provides a highly informative and long-lasting resource that accurately preserves the complex spatial relationships among cranial bones, soft tissues, neurovascular structures, and components of the central nervous system. This overview summarizes the methodological approach and highlights the pedagogical value of S10 silicone plastination for the preservation and study of human head sections. Materials and Methods: The process begins with careful preparation of the head specimen, including vascular fixation with 20% formalin, followed by immersion in the same solution for three months. After this period, the head was injected via the carotid artery and internal jugular vein with red and blue epoxy resin (Biodur® E20Plus) to selectively highlight the arterial and venous systems, respectively. Subsequently, the specimen was embedded in a polyurethane foam block to enable precise sectioning into 1.5-cm-thick horizontal slices. The resulting sections were then re-immersed in a fresh 20% formalin bath for an additional three months to further enhance fixation, particularly to ensure optimal preservation of brain tissue. Dehydration was subsequently performed using cold acetone to remove water and lipids while preserving structural integrity and minimizing tissue artifacts. This step is essential for achieving sharp anatomical definition in the final plastinate. The specimens were then immersed in a mixture of S10:S3 (100:1) (Biodur®: S10 silicone polymer; S3 catalyst) and subjected to forced impregnation under vacuum. As the acetone vaporizes, it is gradually replaced by the polymer, which thoroughly infiltrates the tissues and stabilizes their internal architecture. The final curing phase, typically performed using Biodur® S6, results in a dry, stable, and durable plastinate that closely preserves the specimen’s natural morphology. Results: Silicone-plastinated head sections offer several advantages over traditional cadaveric materials: they withstand repeated student handling, maintain natural coloration and structural relationships, and eliminate formaldehyde odor, thereby creating a safer and more comfortable learning environment. Notably, the fixation protocol employed in this study allowed the brain to preserve its original volume and morphology, with no evident tissue shrinkage or deformation, which is a critical factor for accurate neuroanatomical representation. These attributes make silicone-plastinated sections particularly valuable for teaching neuroanatomy, head and neck anatomy, radiological interpretation, and surgical planning. In research settings, plastinated head sections also provide reproducible and stable models suitable for morphometric analyses, three-dimensional reconstruction, and comparative anatomical studies. Conclusions: Overall, S10 silicone preservation of human head sections represents a powerful technique for producing high-quality, long-lasting specimens that greatly support anatomical education and scientific investigation across multiple disciplines.
Grant support: Partially funded by Dirección de Investigación, Universidad de La Frontera, Supports PP24-0030, PP25-0031, DI24-0039 and DI25-0092; ANID BECAS/DOCTORADO NACIONAL under grant number 21232217.
References
da Silva AF, Cerqueira EP, Baptista CAC. 2020: 3D Reconstruction of silicone (S10 Biodur®) plastinated specimens using computed tomography scanning. J Plastination 32(1). DOI:10.56507/HPHJ5119
Henry RW, Janick L, Henry C. 1997: Specimen preparation for silicone plastination. J Int Soc Plastination 12(1):13–17. DOI: 10.56507/HVSK9838
Henry RW, von Hagens G, Seamans G. 2019: Cold temperature/Biodur® /S10/von Hagens'-Silicone plastination technique. Anat Histol Embryol 48(6):532-538. DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12472
Starchik D, Henry RW. 2015: Comparison of cold and room temperature silicone plastination techniques using tissue core samples and a variety of plastinates. J Plastination 27(2). DOI: 10.56507/NTQJ7764
Ottone NE. 2023: Advances in Plastination Techniques. Cham, Springer Nature
von Hagens G. 1979: Impregnation of soft biological specimens with thermosetting resins and elastomers. Anat Rec 194(2):247–55. DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091940206.
von Hagens G. 1986: Heidelberg plastination folder. Collection of all technical leaflets for plastination. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: Anatomische Institut 1, Universitat Heidelberg
von Hagens G, Tiedemann K, Kriz W. 1987: The current potential of plastination. Anat Embryol (Berl) 175(4):411–21. DOI: 10.1007/BF00309677